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    September 06

    数学和其他自然科学(三)

         归根到底,差异出在这里:物理化学都是归纳起家,而数学始终走的是演绎的道路。以前我举过的一个例子可以很好地说明这一点,那就是“热力学第二定律”和“三角形内角和是180度”的故事。
         很多物理化学或者热力学的教科书上无不带有几分自豪地吹嘘,说什么热力学第二定律是自然科学中最真理的一条定律——显然这些作者和我一样,自觉地把数学踢开,放到一边去不予考虑——何以见得呢?那是因为自热力学第二定律发表这一百五十多年来,人们还从未发现过任何与之矛盾的事情发生,大约以后也不会发生,所以自然“最真理”了。
         但显然放在数学那里就说不通了。比如中学生会被要求证明“三角形内角和是180度”这样一条定理。他可以利用各种更加简单、基本的定理和公理去证明(演绎),但决不能异想天开,不停地画三角形然后去量,精确测量了成千上万个三角形后宣布定理被证明了,因为没有任何一个三角形违背了这一点(归纳)。因为欧式几何是一个公理化的体系,是演绎法的经典。欧式几何的基本公理和公设,和严密的逻辑推导,已经战无不胜地“保证”了所有结论的正确。当然,如果前提变动了,结论也就跟着变化。罗巴切夫几何中的三角形,内角和就小于180度。不过,生活在罗氏几何规定的空间中的外星人数学老师,也一定不会允许学生们去用画三角形的方法来证明“三角形内角和小于180度”的定理的。

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